This research report on civic space had been developed as part of the FAIR for ALL programme (2021-2025) implemented to strengthen global civil society in their work for more inclusive, just and sustainable trade and value chains. The program has been funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and is led by a consortium comprising Oxfam Novib, the Huairou Commission, the Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO) and Third World Network-Africa.

Civic space has been strongly embedded in the design, implementation and evaluation of the FAIR for ALL programme and understanding the backsliding of civic space globally has have been essential for the effective implementation of the programme. This research study presents the following:

• Civic space and its relevance in different contexts, while bridging the information gap at its intersection with inclusive and just trade and value chains.

• Challenges and dynamics of civic space, identifying key patterns, factors, strategies and lessons that influence its defence and expansion across different contexts, especially in the field of value chains and trade work.

• Strategies for supporting and enhancing civic space, considering the roles of CSOs/INGOs, government entities, donors and the private sector.