INDEX Page numbers in italics refer to figures, tables, and boxes. Please note that f, t, and b after page numbers indicates material found in figures, tables, and boxes respectively access to information: in active citizenship 43–4, 71; on climate change 216, 217, 218; as a human right 21, 23, 24, 43; for poor people 43–5, 110, 170 active citizenship: access to information 43–4, 71; agriculture in 110–14, 118, 161–2; as change agent 11, 27–8, 32, 48–9; in climate change strategies 217–18, 219, 220; on debt relief 31, 251; defined 10, 18; development in 11, 49; economic growth and 131, 157, 158, 162; effective states and 10–12, 18, 19, 54, 62, 76b, 83, 162; and elites 10, 11, 26, 30; in HIV and AIDS protection 52, 193–4; hunger and famine campaigns 188–9, 190; by indigenous people 17, 27–8, 52, 63, 81; and intellectual property 272; and international aid 289–90, 299, 300, 309–10; labour rights campaigns 53, 54, 132, 134–5, 162; markets and 161–2; migration and 277, 278; NGOs support 11, 113, 120, 121, 304, 306, 309, 310; peace-building initiatives 77, 82, 232–5, 332; for poverty reduction 18, 19, 118; power and 17, 18, 25; private sector and 12, 147; and religion 30–3, 55–6; and social contracts 12, 70, 126, 258, 299; and transnational corporations 280b, 286, 287, 289; vulnerability and 12, 13, 170 see also civil society Afghanistan: civil society activism 229; democratisation 65; floods 203, 204, 206; international aid 306; opium industry 232; war and conflict 65, 82, 229, 232 Africa: agricultural issues 98, 103, 105, 106, 117, 118; Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) 105; arms trade 330; climate change and 213, 214, 216–17; democratisation 64; domestic violence 227; economic growth 159, 311; effective states 82; elites 77; employment 125; health care 198; HIV and AIDS 9, 44, 99, 166, 192–4; hunger and famine 166, 175, 186, 187b, 188, 189; inequality 4; international aid 292, 293, 299, 311; and international financial institutions 245; international humanitarian relief 319; pastoralists 165, 221–4; social protection measures 176–7, 189; structural adjustment programmes 246; taxation 79, 80; transnational corporations 142; war and conflict 51, 73, 82, 228–32, 332 see also named countries African Union (AU) 198, 243, 351 agriculture: active citizenship and 110–14, 118, 161–2; biofuel production 107–9, 118; changes in 101–3, 108–9; climate change and 63, 106, 213, 218, 219, 221–2, 335; cotton farming 106, 111, 113, 215b, 244, 260, 263; in developing countries 99–100, 101–3, 116, 117, 118; economic growth relationship 100–1, 151; effective states’ policies 114, 116–17, 118, 161; employment issues 122, 123, 126; environment affected 105, 107, 108b; fair trade schemes 114b, 118; GM crops 106; government policies 99–100, 101, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114–16, 117; Green Revolution 105–7, 117; and indigenous people 98, 101, 108, 115; and international aid 99, 115; land rights 48, 58, 59, 61t, 62, 100f, 116; markets and 109–14, 161–2; migration and 100, 101, 119; organic farming 112b, 114b, 118; pastoralism 98, 165, 214, 221–4; and poverty 99–101, 110, 116, 118; private sector involvement 46, 101–3, 105, 109; producer organisations 110–11, 112b, 113, 114, 114b; structural adjustment programmes and 99, 114–15; subsidies 116, 117, 178, 247, 260, 261, 263; supermarkets 103, 118, 146; sustainable agriculture 107, 108b; technology and 105–7, 108b, 109, 116; trade liberalisation and 90, 154, 244, 245, 246, 247, 261; and transnational corporations 46, 102, 116, 117; women in agriculture 50, 90, 102, 110, 113, 116, 124, 131, 132 Amnesty International 54, 330 Angola 71, 229, 232, 234, 282 Arab Spring 14, 77, 123, 229, 324, 351, 355 Argentina 65, 250, 251, 255, 256 Armenia 40, 44; Support to Communities (STC) 40 457 FROM POVERTY TO POWER arms trade: arms embargoes 330, 352; government involvement 13, 235, 283, 330, 333; human rights issues 330, 331; NGO condemnation 304, 330 Asia: agriculture 99, 103, 104b, 105; arms trade 330; employment 125; financial crises 245, 250; hunger and famine 186; and international financial institutions 245; international trade issues 260; see also named countries; Central Asia; East Asia Asian tsunami (2004) 202, 205b, 209, 236, 312, 318, 319 Australia 65, 276, 321, 335, 338, 342 Bangladesh: agriculture 101, 117; Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) 206; civil society activism 227; climate change issues 349; democratisation 64; employment issues 123–4, 127, 130, 260, 287; Income Generation for Vulnerable Group Development (IGVGD) 178; inequality 8; international aid 297; international trade issues 260; migration 274, 275; natural disasters 203, 205b, 236; NGO involvement 304; social protection measures 177, 178 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 46, 105, 293 biofuels 63, 107–9, 118, 364 Bolivia: agricultural issues 111; Chiquitano Indigenous Organization (OICH) 27; civil society activism 17, 25, 26, 27–8; decentralisation 81; employment issues 131; environmental issues 91; international aid 297; National Association of Quinoa Producers (ANAPQUI) 111, 113; natural resources 71, 91; property rights issues 17, 25, 26, 27–8, 57, 60; trade unions 28, 131 Botswana: diamond industry 71, 82, 145, 159, 160; economic growth 82, 159, 160; as effective state 11, 76b, 77, 82, 145, 159, 160, 306; HIV and AIDS 159, 194; international aid 289, 300, 306; natural resources 71, 159, 160; trade liberalisation 154; transnational corporations 145 Brazil: Alagoa Grande Rural Workers’ Union 29; arms trade 330; Bolsa Familia programme 10, 173, 176, 179b; civil society activism 29, 48, 68; corruption 283; decentralisation 81; as effective state 82, 194; employment issues 260; financial crisis 255; HIV and AIDS 191, 194–5; inequality 4, 10; international trade issues 263; Landless Workers Movement (MST) 48–9; Partido dos Trabalhodores (PT) 68; property rights issues 48–9, 60; public services 35, 41, 81; social protection measures 10, 173, 175, 176, 178; taxation 80; trade unions 131; transnational corporations 141, 142t, 143t, 284 Burkina Faso 99, 110 Burundi 65 Cambodia 57, 60, 69, 136b, 229, 230, 232, 260, 297 Canada 4, 93, 311, 321, 333, 334, 338, 342 Caribbean region 103 Central America 69, 82, 103, 134, 203, 229 see also named countries Central Asia 49, 82, 215b see also named countries change: active citizenship’s role 11, 27–8, 30, 48, 49; agents of change 49–51, 236–8; case studies 27–8, 55–6, 120–1, 159–60, 180–1, 200–1, 311–2, 333–4; civil society’s role 49–51, 55–6, 236 children: child labour 122, 125, 163; health 3–4, 6, 8, 38, 39, 41, 45, 191, 197; human rights 21, 22, 23, 37, 51, 170, 225, 242; inequality 3–4, 5, 6, 8, 9; infant mortality 3–4, 6, 8, 34, 38, 41; malnutrition 6, 9, 123, 186, 188, 197; vulnerability 166, 170, 177, 186; war and conflict 51 see also education Chile: access to information 71; agricultural issues 101, 127, 154; authoritarian government 23, 66; corruption 70, 71; employment issues 124, 127, 139; financial crises avoided 256; and international financial institutions 245, 254; international trade issues 154, 256; land reform 61t; taxation 80, 82 China: agricultural issues 103, 106, 134, 153b; arms trade 330; climate change issues 214, 340, 345, 347, 349; economic growth 8, 66, 74, 92, 150–2, 153b, 155–8, 246; as effective state 76b, 77; employment issues 127, 155, 156; environmental issues 91, 92; financial crises 256; health issues 39, 40; inequality 4, 153b; as international aid donor 293; and international trade issues 263, 264; land reform 60, 61t; property rights issues 58, 75; trade unions 134; transnational corporations 141, 142, 142t, 145, 146, 155–6, 284 Chiquitanos 17, 26, 27–8, 60 civil society: activism 11, 29, 48–9, 49–54; agriculture in 110–11, 112b, 113, 114, 114b; alliances 17, 28, 44, 51–4, 200; as change agent 49–51, 458 index 55–6, 236; co-operatives 110, 111, 113, 120–1; corruption campaigns 50, 53, 70, 71; and democracy 49, 51, 53; in developing countries 52, 53; education campaigns 36; and effective states 48, 54; funding issues 54, 113; government relationships 12, 311, 328, 333–4; in HIV and AIDS protection 193, 194, 200–1, 268; human rights campaigns 49, 51, 53; natural disaster protection programmes 206, 207, 208b, 209; political involvement 49–50, 53–4, 68; in poverty reduction campaigns 50, 51, 251; property rights campaigns 48–9, 59–60, 62; religious groups 48, 50, 51, 52; role of 49–51, 53–4; and social protection measures 173–5, 180–1; ‘uncivil society’ 26, 49; and violence 113, 120, 130, 147, 227–8; women’s involvement 26, 50, 52, 55–6, 113, 132, 134; young people’s involvement 30, 50, 51, 53; see also active citizenship; civil society organisations; trade unions civil society organisations (CSOs) 48–50, 51, 52, 53–4, 80, 262, 280b see also grassroots organisations climate change: access to information 216, 217, 218; active citizenship 217–18, 219; adaptation 54, 215–19, 220, 224, 336, 338–9; agriculture and 63, 106–7, 213–14, 218, 219, 220, 221–2, 335; carbon trading 335, 342–4, 348; as change agent 348; cost of climate change strategies 338–9, 341–2; in developing countries 54, 213–14, 335–7, 338–9, 347–48; disease and 213, 214; economic growth and 161, 336, 341–2, 347; effective states and 218–19, 220; emission standards 342–3; food shortages 214, 339; and global governance 13, 345, 349, 351; government strategies 217–18, 220, 335, 342, 343; and greenhouse gas emissions 213, 215, 335, 338, 339, 341–2, 347; health and 213; and indigenous people 218; inequality and 13, 213–14, 336–7, 338, 339, 341–2, 350, 369; international agreements 241, 335, 337, 338, 339, 345; migration 214; mitigation 215, 219–20, 336, 339–50; natural disasters link to 204, 212, 213, 214–20, 335; pastoralists 221–2; and poverty reduction 219, 336, 337, 338, 340, 344; private sector and 219, 346; risk and 166, 212–14, 214–20, 215b, 335; risk reduction strategies 214–20; sea level rises 212, 337, 348; subsidies and 341, 342; taxation and 342; technological solutions 46, 219, 346–7, 350; and transnational corporations 281; vulnerability and 166, 168f, 214, 218, 335; war and conflict relationship 231, 232; women 213, 218; see also global warming Climate Change Adaptation Fund 258, 338 Collier, Paul 70, 294–6t Colombia: agricultural issues 101, 112b; CCJAR 328; employment issues 124, 127; human rights issues 233, 328; and intellectual property laws 270; international trade issues 261; violence 225, 230; war and conflict 232, 233 Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 227, 242 Convention on the Rights of the Child 170, 225, 242 corruption: in developing countries 40, 50, 53, 64, 69–70, 73, 75, 236, 254, 302; in transnational corporations 282–4 Costa Rica 4, 99, 135 Cuba 60, 61t, 207, 208b; Cuban Women’s Federation 207 Darfur 167, 187b, 230, 232 democracy: and civil society 49, 51, 53; and development 65–7; economic growth and 66–7, 159–60; education and 37, 65, 66; human rights and 22, 65–6; in hunger and famine relief 188–9; inequality and 65–6, 369; markets and 66–7; poverty and 65, 66–7; power and 66, 83 Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): democratisation 65; diamond industry 71; HIV and AIDS 192; taxation 79; transnational corporations 282; war and conflict 73, 229, 231, 232, 233, 330 developed countries: climate change response 335, 336–9; and debt relief 251, 311–12; financial crises 254–6, 257; HIV and AIDS 191, 193, 199; and intellectual property laws 266, 270; as international aid donors 293, 299, 310; international trade and 262–3, 265; and migration 277–8, 331; natural disasters 203, 208b social protection measures 160, 173, 174, 178; ‘stop doing harm’ and 13, 241, 310, 337, 370 developing countries: access to information 43; agriculture 99–103, 109, 116, 118; civil society 53–4; climate change 54, 212–14, 335–7, 338–9, 347–48; and comparative advantage 154b, 156; debt crises 250–1; disease incidence 8–9, 267–8, 269 see also HIV and AIDS below; economic growth and 7–8, 37, 150–5, 156; elites 42, 84; employment 87, 122–3, 125–6, 128–30, 135–7, 145, 282; financial crises 255–6, 257; fishing industry 104b; foreign direct investment (FDI) 141, 142t, 143, 144, 145, 255, 261, 280b, 279, 286; free trade agreements 136b, 152, 264; HIV 459 FROM POVERTY TO POWER and AIDS 9, 192, 193, 198; inequality 3–8, 9, 13; intellectual property laws affect 47, 263, 266, 269, 270, 281; international aid 292, 293–9, 309–10; international financial institutions 244, 245–6, 249–50, 253–4, 259; international trade 260, 262–5; migration 273–8; natural disasters 203, 208b; and patents 144, 195, 262, 266, 268, 269, 270, 281; private sector involvement 102–3, 134, 146–7; public services 34, 36, 38, 39, 42, 75; remittances benefit 274, 275b; and technology 12, 44, 46, 139, 144, 145, 266, 271, 274, 347; and trade liberalisation 152; and transnational corporations 141, 142, 142t, 144–5, 279, 281, 282, 284, 287; war and conflict 229, 324–5 development: active citizenship and 10, 11, 13, 49, 369; and corruption 69, 70, 71, 75; and democracy 65–7; economic growth and 12, 70, 84, 148, 150, 151, 156; economic policy and 87, 88, 90, 94–7, 161, 369; effective states and 11, 19, 73; employment and 125, 128, 129, 135, 136; global governance and 13, 162, 242, 287, 351; human rights 22–3, 24, 84; international trade 260, 261, 262, 265; and property rights 57–9; public services’ role 34–5; religion and 30, 31–3; rights-based approach 23, 24, 25, 180, 303; role of state 11, 17, 73–5; and technology 24, 29, 45, 266, 347; war and conflict 19, 236; well-being 84, 96, 97; see also sustainable development diamond industry 71, 82, 145, 159, 160, 232 see also ‘blood diamonds’ under war and conflict disabled people 9, 19, 34, 35, 166, 169, 175, 239 discrimination: and HIV and AIDS 44, 192, 194; immigrants 276–8, 329; indigenous people 9, 18; racial 24, 30; against women see gender inequality disease: AIDS see HIV and AIDS; avian flu 191, 195; climate change and 213–14; in developing countries 8–9, 195–6, 267–8, 269; HIV see HIV and AIDS; malaria 191, 197, 198, 213, 259, 289; poverty and 3–4, 8, 191; property rights and 60, 63; as a risk issue 166, 171, 172f, 191–2, 196, 197 see also HIV and AIDS; SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) 191, 196b; and technology 45; tuberculosis (TB) 191, 195, 198, 259, 289; water and sanitation 9, 38, 40 East Asia 10, 60, 75, 76b, 77, 79, 100 Easterly, William 294–6b, 305–6 Eastern Europe 49, 64, 77 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 330 economic growth: active citizenship and 131, 158, 162; agriculture and 99–101, 151; climate change and 161, 336, 341–2, 347, 348; and comparative advantage theory 154b; democracy and 66–7, 159–60; in developing countries 8, 37, 150–5, 154b, 156; development and 11, 12, 23, 70, 84, 148, 150, 151, 156; and effective states 11, 18, 75, 148, 150–2, 158, 160, 161; environment 91–3, 96, 157, 161; and gender inequality 157; and inequality 5, 6, 10, 34, 148–9, 156, 157, 161, 370; and international financial institutions 150, 157, 247; international trade 152, 154–5, 162; natural resources 70–2, 75, 91, 92; for poverty reduction 88, 148, 170, 369; poverty and 5, 6, 9, 148–9, 150, 156–8, 161–2; and the private sector 12, 132, 134–5, 138–40, 161; sustainability 156–8; and trade liberalisation 150–1, 154–5, 160; well-being and 149, 157, 161 economics: development and 87, 88–9, 90, 91, 94–7, 161, 369; and the environment 89, 91–3; ‘full cost accounting’ (FCA) 91–2, 96; gender inequality and 53, 89–91; Keynesian 87, 94; neo-classical 87–8, 94, 96, 149, 161; unpaid work and 89–91; well-being and 66, 90, 94, 96, 161, 182 Ecuador 101, 103, 253, 274 education: civil society activism 37; democracy relationship 37, 66; education for all campaigns 11, 299; elites’ role 42; higher education 47; as a human right 22, 35; inequality and 3, 4, 5, 35, 36–7; international aid and 35, 299, 301; migrants’ remittances and 274, 275b; and poverty 8, 9, 10, 34–7; well-being and 35, 90; of women and girls 3, 35–6 effective states: active citizenship and 10, 11, 12, 18, 19, 48, 54, 62, 76b, 83, 161; agricultural policies 114, 116–17, 118, 161; anticorruption 71; climate change and 218–19, 220; decentralisation 78, 80–1; defined 11, 18; development and 11, 19, 73, 264; and economic growth 11, 18, 74–5, 148, 150–2, 158, 159, 161; elites involvement 30, 62, 75, 81; in global governance 84, 241, 369; in HIV and AIDS protection 194–5; human rights and 19, 20, 170; human security and 11, 18, 19, 73, 169–71, 189, 199; hunger and famine and 190; and intellectual property laws 271; and international aid 289, 290, 297, 298–9, 300, 301, 302, 304, 310; international financial institutions and 249, 251; international humanitarian relief and 460 index 204, 206; and international trade 155, 263, 272; and justice 78–9; labour rights and 132, 134, 135, 161; natural resource management 70–1, 72, 75; NGO support 11, 304, 309, 310; peace-building initiatives 232, 233–5, 332; politics and 75, 77, 78, 151; and poverty reduction 116–17; private sector relationship 12, 132, 134–5, 138, 146, 147, 151; and property rights 59; public services and 11, 34, 40–2, 197; regulatory measures 19, 279, 283, 287; and social contract 12, 70, 77, 126, 258, 300; taxation and 79–80; and transnational corporations 287–8; violence reduction and 226, 232, 234; vulnerability and 12, 19, 183, 206 Egypt 8, 61t, 186, 212, 253, 293 El Salvador 32, 61t, 82, 202, 231, 247 elites: and active citizenship 10, 11, 26, 30; corruption 5, 70, 75; in developing countries 42, 84; education provision and 42; in effective states 30, 62, 75, 81; government relationships 5, 30, 67, 68, 70, 75, 81, 132; against land reform 60, 62; and power relations 25, 26; war and conflict involvement 232 employment: in agriculture 122, 123, 124, 126; casual work see temporary employment below; child labour 122, 125, 139; in developing countries 87, 122–3, 125–6, 128–30, 135–7, 145, 282; development relationship 126, 128, 129, 135, 136, 137; ‘flexibilisation’ 123, 126–7, 129f; future of 135–7; gender inequality 5, 42, 89– 91, 124, 125, 135, 136, 137; and globalisation 123, 125–6, 129, 130; government policies 123, 125, 126, 132, 134, 135, 161; health and 124, 128, 136; as a human right 122, 123; informal 8, 57, 80, 123, 125–6, 130; international financial institutions’ involvement 128; international trade and 260; levels of employment 122, 123; of marginalised groups 122, 138; migration and 125, 273, 274; nature of 122, 123; and poverty 123–4, 128, 129, 135; rural employment guarantee schemes 180–1; social protection measures 125, 126, 128, 160, 180–1, 188–9; supply chains 123, 129, 129f, 134–5, 282, 284, 286, 287; temporary employment 125, 126–7, 128, 129, 130, 132; trade liberalisation and 90, 96, 246; unemployment 123, 156, 273, 274; unpaid work 89–90, 91, 124, 137, 157; of women 42, 123–4, 128, 130–1, 137, 157; and young people 123, 156, 273; see also labour rights Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Debt Reduction Initiative (HPIC II) 251, 252 environment: agriculture and 105, 107, 108b; and biofuels 107, 108, 109; economic growth and 91–3, 96, 157, 161; environmental refugees 212, 214; environmental taxes 258, 342; gender inequality and 92; global warming and 93, 107; international agreements 241; orthodox economics and 88, 89, 91–3; transnational corporations and 145–6, 279, 280, 280b; see also climate change; global warming; sustainable development Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) 135, 284, 285–6b Ethiopia: agricultural issues 110; debt crisis 253, 254; hunger and famine 175, 186, 236, 253, 292; international humanitarian relief 175, 292, 320; land reform 61t; pastoralists 223; social protection measures 173, 175; war and conflict 82 Europe: climate change issues 335; economic growth 92, 150; education provision 40; international aid 289, 293, 297; and international financial institutions 245; international trade issues 155, 263; transnational corporations 281; see also named countries; Eastern Europe European Union (EU): agricultural issues 262; arms embargoes 330; climate change strategy role 343, 344, 348; human rights issues 238; and intellectual property 263, 266; as international aid donor 262, 293, 311, 321; and international financial institutions 250; international trade issues 155, 244, 260 see also trade agreements below; on labour rights 136b; trade agreements 136b, 263, 264 financial crisis 247, 248, 249, 356–61 financial transaction tax (Robin Hood Tax) (Tobin tax) 258, 361 fishing industry 92, 93, 101, 104b, 120–1 food and food production: and biofuel 107, 108, 109; climate change and 214, 339; Fairtrade 114b, 118; fast food industry 103, 111, 346; food aid 175, 176, 178, 179b, 180, 189, 210, 320; food prices 9, 14, 100, 109, 117, 186, 188, 260, 261, 358, 362–6 food shortages 166, 175, 186, 260 see also hunger and famine; and the Green Revolution 105–7, 116; and poverty 9, 117, 188; producer organisations 110, 112b, 113; supermarkets 103, 118, 134, 135, 146 France 76b, 245, 258, 260, 330, 338 G8 (Group of Eight) 53, 195, 253 see also Gleneagles G8 Summit 461 FROM POVERTY TO POWER garment industry 123–4, 127, 129, 130, 136b, 151, 160, 260, 282 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 262, 267 gender inequality: and economic growth 157; in economic system 53, 89–90, 91; in employment 5, 42, 89–90, 91, 124, 125, 137; and environmental impacts 92; finance and 53, 182, 184; health and 4, 39–40; human rights issue 22, 24, 30, 33, 42, 55–6; in international aid 291t, 299; ‘missing women’ 4; and property rights 60, 62–3, 192; in public services provision 34, 35–6, 38–9, 40, 42; social protection 42, 174, 175; see also women and girls Georgia Young Lawyers Association (GYLA) 50 Germany 40, 76b, 267, 311, 338, 339 Ghana 4, 52, 57, 82, 111, 124, 132, 274, 298, 306 Gleneagles G8 Summit (2005) 251, 310, 311–2 Global Call to Action against Poverty (GCAP) campaign 251, 290, 311 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria 195, 289 global governance: benefits of 241–2, 351–2, 370; and climate change 13, 345, 349, 352; and debt 253; development and 13, 162, 242, 287, 288, 351; and effective states 84, 241, 370; human rights and 22, 241, 331, 332, 352; and inequality 13, 47, 241–3, 351, 369; and intellectual property 47, 265–6, 271–2; international financial institutions 244, 245, 253, 258, 351; international humanitarian relief 292, 310, 324–5; international trade and 287; limitations of 242, 253, 351–2; multilateralism 242; natural disasters and 242, 332; and NGOs 292, 309, 310; for poverty reduction 241–3, 370; power and 242–3, 369; transnational corporations and 278, 279, 286b; war and conflict 241, 332 global warming 212, 213, 214–17, 335, 345, 349 see also climate change globalisation: employment and 123, 125–6, 129; and financial crises 254–7; inequality and 3, 4, 13, 84, 85, 288; and international trade 260, 155, 263, 272 governments: accountability of 24, 26, 73, 309, 328; agriculture and 99, 101, 107, 110, 113, 114–17, 118, 116; and the arms trade 13, 235, 283, 330, 333; authoritarian 49, 66, 71, 74, 76b, 78, 84, 159; civil society and 11, 311, 328, 333–4; climate change and 217–19, 220, 335, 342–50; corruption 53, 64, 218–19, 254, 302; debt relief initiatives 250–2, 311–12; democratic 29, 64–5, 76b; development role 11, 17, 73–5; elections 29, 64, 65; elites and 5, 30, 67, 68, 70, 77, 81; employment and 123, 125–6, 132, 134, 161; and financial crises 256; fisheries policies 104b, 120–1; in HIV and AIDS protection 193–5, 200–1, 268; and human security 170–1, 237–8; hunger and famine and 188; international humanitarian relief 317, 318, 322, 323; international trade rules 262; on land reform 60, 62; on landmine use 333–4; on migration 119, 277–8; natural disasters and 203, 205b, 207; NGOs and 292, 303, 304, 305, 307; pastoralists and 221, 222–4; private sector and 139–40; regulation 40, 46, 73, 109, 194, 280; risk and 170–1; and small to medium-sized enterprises 139–40; social protection measures 173–4, 176–7, 180–1, 188–90, 321; and taxation 258–9; transnational corporations and 140, 144, 147, 257–8, 279–81; war and conflict 73–4, 229, 230, 231, 233–4; weak 74, 81–3, 203; see also effective states; politics grassroots organisations 11, 29, 37, 51, 55, 161, 193 Greece 64, 139, 317 Guatemala 4, 78, 101, 231; Social Spending Observatory 53 Haiti 4, 234 health: of children 3–4, 8, 38, 39, 41, 45, 191, 197; and climate change 213, 214; drugs industry and 195, 261, 267–70; and employment 124, 128, 136, 137; gender inequality and 4, 39, 40, 124, 196, 197; and indigenous people 3, 4, 197, 198; malnutrition 6, 9, 122, 188, 197; maternal mortality 196, 197; poverty and 7, 8, 10, 34, 191–2; vulnerability and 168f, 196–9; of women 4, 39–40, 124, 196–9 see also disease health care: corruption 69; effective states and 11, 197; family planning services 39; immunisation programmes 197–8; inequality and 3–4, 5, 198; international aid and 289; oral rehydration therapy (ORT) 45; reproductive and sexual health care 39, 40, 197; well-being and 39, 90; for women 4, 197, 199 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Debt Reduction Initiative (HIPC) 251, 252 HIV and AIDS: active citizenship and 52, 193, 194; antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) 192, 194, 195, 200, 201, 268–9; background 191, 195; civil society campaigns 193, 194, 200–1, 268; in developed countries 192; in developing countries 9, 191, 198; discrimination 44, 192, 194; and international aid 290; private sector’s 462 index responsibility 194; property rights and 60, 63, 192; as a risk issue 166, 167, 191–3; states and 193–5; vulnerability and 168f, 191, 192, 196, 197, 199; and women 60, 63, 191, 192, 197 Hong Kong 77, 277, 284 human rights: and access to information 21, 23, 24, 43; and the arms trade 330, 331; and capabilities 21, 22, 84; of children 21, 22, 23, 37, 51, 170, 225, 242; civil rights 22; civil society campaigns 49, 51, 53; collective rights 22; defined 21, 22; democracy and 22, 65–6; development and 23, 24, 84; effective states and 19, 20, 170; and employment 122, 123; gender inequality 22, 24, 33, 42, 55–6; global governance role 22, 242, 331, 351; history of 22–3; for indigenous people 26, 27–8; international agreements 22, 24; justice and 24, 26, 29; and migration 273, 276; poverty and 24, 173; and power relations 21, 25–6; and transnational corporations 285–6b; and violence 21, 24, 26, 229, 233–4; for women 22, 24, 33, 42, 55–6; see also labour rights human security approach: defined 13, 165, 238; effective states and 11, 18, 19, 73, 169–71, 189, 199; and governments 170–1, 237–8; international financial institutions and 238; natural disasters 205b, 206–9, 211; risk management 169–71, 224; risk reduction strategies 204, 205b, 206–7, 208b, 209; to vulnerability 13, 169–71, 189, 199, 237–8, 370; hunger and famine 3–4, 9, 175, 186, 187b, 188–90, 236 humanitarian relief see international humanitarian relief Hurricane Katrina (2005) 203, 208b India: access to information 43, 45, 71; agricultural issues 106, 110, 111, 116, 117; arms trade 330; civil society activism 110, 111, 120–1, 227; climate change issues 214, 217, 340, 347, 349; corruption campaigns 71; decentralisation 81; economic growth 8, 151, 242; education provision 4, 34–5; employment issues 122, 132, 133b; financial crises avoided 256; fishing industry 120–1; gender inequality 5, 24; health issues 39, 268; humanitarian relief efforts 188–90; and intellectual property laws 269, 270; and international financial institutions 284; international trade issues 323; land reform 61t; Lokvikas Samajik Sanstha (LVSS) 132; migration 275b, 276; National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 180–1, 189; natural disasters 202, 203, 205b; property rights issues 57, 60; public services 41, 43; social protection measures 174, 178, 180–1, 188–9; Sreema Mahila Samity (SMS) 217; trade unions 26, 113, 132, 133b; transnational corporations 141, 142, 142t, 146, 284, 285 indigenous people: active citizenship 17, 27–8, 52, 63, 81; in agriculture 98, 101, 108, 115; and climate change 218; discrimination 9, 18; health and 3, 4, 197, 198; human rights and 26, 27–8; inequality and 4, 9, 27–8; and intellectual property rights 270; and international trade 264, 270; and justice 78; political involvement 17, 27–8; property rights 60, 63; violence against 65; vulnerability and 197, 198 Indonesia: biofuel production 109; civil society activism 49, 251; corporate social responsibility 284; corruption 69; on debt relief 251; economic growth 66; as effective state 76b, 78; financial crisis 255; fishing industry 101; Koalisi Anti Utang 251; natural disasters 205b; trade liberalisation 154; war and conflict 230 inequality: attitude and beliefs and 29–30; and children 3–4, 5, 8, 9; and climate change 13, 213–14, 336–7, 338, 339, 341–2, 350, 369; democracy and 65–6, 369; and economic growth 5, 6, 10, 34, 148–9, 156, 157, 161, 370; education 3, 4, 5, 35–7; financial crises and 251, 256, 257; and global governance 13, 47, 241–3, 351, 369; globalisation and 3, 4, 13, 84, 85, 288; health care 3–4, 5, 198; indigenous people 4, 9, 27–8; and international aid 205b, 291t; in international trade 154, 245, 260, 264; property rights and 60; technology and 45–7; war and conflict 229, 234; see also gender inequality institutions 18, 19, 87–8, 241–3, 317–8 see also international financial institutions intellectual property (IP): and active citizenship 272; and biopiracy 271; and developed countries 266, 270; and developing countries 47, 263, 266, 269, 270, 281; and drugs industry 195, 261, 267–70, 281; and effective states 271; global governance of 47, 265–6, 271–2; and indigenous people 270; international trade and 265, 266–72; patents 144, 195, 261, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 281; technological development and 47, 264, 266; and transnational corporations 266, 267, 268, 269, 281 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 212–13, 335, 345 international agreements: on aid 289, 291, 291t; on climate change 241, 463 FROM POVERTY TO POWER 335, 337, 338, 339, 345; on the environment 241; and human rights 22, 24; on taxation 258–9, 287; trade 136b, 155, 256, 263–5, 270; on war and conflict 241 international aid: accountability 74, 209–11, 305–8, 309; and active citizenship 289–90, 299, 300, 309–10; and agriculture 99, 115; benefits of 289–90, 294–6t, 300; bureaucracy 293, 297–301; conditionality 127, 244, 249, 251–2, 297, 302, 303, 306; and corrupt states 71, 301–3; developed countries as donors 293, 299, 310; and developing countries 292, 293–9, 309–10; disadvantages 290, 293, 294–6t, 297–301, 308, 310; for education 35, 299, 301; and effective states 289, 290, 297, 298–9, 300, 301, 302, 304, 310; food aid 175, 176, 178, 179b, 180, 189, 210, 320; general budget support (GBS) 301; growth of 290; and health care systems 289; and HIV and AIDS 290; improving delivery 299–301, 377–10; and inequality 205b, 291t; in international agreements 289, 291, 291t; international financial institutions’ involvement 244, 245, 249–50, 290; levels of 292–3; NGO involvement 290, 291–2, 293, 303–5; for poverty reduction 289, 290, 294–6b; power relations 289, 297; quality of 293, 297–70, 320–1; sector-wide approaches (SWAPs) 301; selectivity 301–3, 318, 319; short-termism 305, 321; and social contracts 299; social protection measures 175–8, 297, 321; and technical assistance 298; terrorism and 290, 292, 312; through taxation schemes 258; time limited 300; and weak states 301–3 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) 333–4 International Criminal Court (ICC) 53, 329, 352 international financial institutions (IFIs): and debt crises 99, 245, 250–4; in developing countries 244, 245–6, 249–50, 253–4, 259; and economic growth 150, 157, 247; effective states and 249, 251; employment and 128; in global governance 244, 245, 253, 258, 351; international aid and 244, 245, 249–50, 290; international loans 252–4; on micro-finance 182; multilateralism and 252; on poverty reduction 6, 7, 252; on public services 297, 298; and regulation 255, 259 see also International Monetary Fund; World Bank international humanitarian law (IHL) 210, 234, 241, 325, 327–9, 331, 334 international humanitarian relief: accountability of 322, 323; background 317– 18; co-ordination of 319, 322, 323; criticisms of 317, 318–22; donor involvement 205b, 209–11, 322–3; effective states and 204, 206; funding of 318, 319, 322; global governance 292, 310, 329; government involvement 317, 318, 323; media coverage of 318; natural disasters 205b, 204, 206, 209–11, 318, 319; NGO involvement 209, 217, 318, 319, 322, 323, 328; politicals and 319; private sector involvement 323; religious involvement 317, 318; in war and conflict 324, 327–9, 332; see also international aid International Labour Organization (ILO) 125, 126, 128, 136b, 137, 385–6b International Monetary Fund (IMF): background 245, 290; conditionality 246, 247, 252, 256; debt relief 251, 254; economic growth role 150, 157; on employment 127; in global governance 245, 351; international aid 88, 290, 297; international loans 244–5, 248, 256; structural adjustment programmes 99; on trade liberalisation 244 international NGOs (INGOs) see under NGOs international trade: and agriculture 262, 263 see also trade liberalisation; and comparative advantage 154b, 156; and developing countries 260, 262–5; development and 260, 261, 262, 265; economic growth and 152, 154–5, 162; and effective states 155, 263, 272; employment opportunities 260; global governance and 287; and globalisation 260, 155, 263, 272; and indigenous people 264, 270; inequality and 154, 245, 260, 264; intellectual property and 144, 195, 261, 265, 266–70, 281; and poverty reduction 260; rules 260–5, 287; and structural adjustment programmes 152; tariffs 257, 260, 262; trade agreements 136b, 152, 256, 263–5; transnational corporations 264, 279, 280–2; see also trade liberalisation Iran 30, 32, 33, 61t Iraq 61t, 71, 230, 328 Ireland 289, 357 Israel 231, 234, 293, 330; Adva Centre 53 Italy 70, 76b, 277, 311, 338 Japan: climate change strategy role 338, 342; economic growth 150; education provision 40; as effective state 77; as international aid donor 311; international trade issues 155, 261; technological development 267 Jordan 270 Jubilee 2000 campaign 31, 251, 290 justice 10, 11, 24, 26, 29, 31, 62, 78–9 Kenya 59, 63, 65, 101, 124, 184, 221, 302 Kyoto Protocol (1997) 91, 241, 258, 312, 335, 342, 345 Kyrgyzstan 174, 176 464 index labour rights: active citizenship and 53, 54, 132, 134–5, 162; effective states and 132, 134, 135, 161; and informal employment 125–6; NGOs’ role 124, 132, 135, 282, 284; and the private sector 53, 132, 134–5, 139, 247; and small to mediumsized enterprises 138, 139; trade agreements and 136b; trade union campaigns 130, 134, 135, 137, 284, 287; and transnational corporations 53, 145, 282, 284, 285–6b, 287; for women 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133b landmines 331, 333–4 Latin America: access to information 44; agricultural issues 99, 103, 118; arms trade 330; civil society activism 29, 30, 52, 76b; debt crisis 245, 251, 256; democratisation 64, 65; economic growth 150; employment issues 125; inequality 80; and international financial institutions 245; property rights issues 59; structural adjustment programmes 246; taxation 79, 80; violence 225, 227, 229 see also named countries Lebanon 65 Lesotho 40, 128, 177 Liberia 203, 230, 232 Madagascar 280b Make Poverty History campaign 251, 311 Malawi: access to information 71; agriculture and 116; corruption campaigns 71; as effective state 116; health care system 289; hunger and famine 189, 210; international aid 289; National Smallholder Farmers’ Association of Malawi (NASFAM) 111; political issues 68; producer organisations 111; social protection measures 176, 178 Malaysia: agriculture and 109, 116, 154; economic growth 71, 74; as effective state 74, 75, 82, 116; financial crisis 255; natural resources 71, 75; public services 41; trade liberalisation 154; transnational corporations 141, 142t, 145 Maldives 204, 205b, 212 Mali 42, 111, 222, 244, 297 markets: active citizenship and 161–2; agriculture and 109–14, 161–2; capital account liberalisation 255–6; and debt crises 250, 251; democracy and 66–7; global governance of 241; global markets 241, 254; institutions and 19, 87; and land reform 62; poverty and 7, 87, 161–2, 182; rules 87–9; sustainability 161–2; vulnerability and 6, 7, 19, 96; see also private sector Mauritius 11, 82, 135, 160 Mexico: as effective state 76b; employment issues 127; food issues 186; health issues 186, 197; international trade issues 264; land reform 60, 61t; migration 275b; natural disasters 236; PROGRESA programme 42; property rights issues 59; social protection measures 42, 176; transnational corporations 141, 142t, 144 microfinance organisations 183–5 Middle East 274, 330 migration: active citizenship and 277, 278; and agriculture 110–14, 118, 161–2; barriers to 273, 275, 276, 329; ‘brain drain’ 47, 276, 278; climate change and 214; and developed countries 277–8, 331; and developing countries 273–8, 351; discrimination against immigrants 276–8, 329; economic issues 273, 276; and employment 125, 273, 274; environmental refugees 212, 214; government policies 119, 277, 278; human rights issues 273, 276; levels of 274; management of 276–8; poverty and 3, 273, 274; refugees 229, 230, 329, 331; remittances 274, 275b; temporary 277–8; by young people 273 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 5, 7, 36, 291t, 290, 311 Morocco 55–6, 61t, 124, 130; National Group for the Protection of the Moroccan Family (Organisme national pour la protection de la famille Marocaine) 55; Plan of Action for the Integration of Women in Development (PANIFD) 55–6; Union de l’Action Feminine (UAF) 55 Mozambique 82, 204, 206, 216, 219, 229, 236, 298 Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) 251, 252 Myanmar 84, 274, 330, 333 natural disasters: as change agent 236–7; civil society-run protection programmes 206, 207, 208b, 209; climate change and 204, 212, 213, 214–20, 335; community-based disaster programmes 206, 208b, 216, 217–18; in developed countries 203, 208b; in developing countries 203, 208b; drought 120–1, 166, 167, 188, 202, 214; earthquakes 13, 60, 169, 202, 209, 236; effective states and 203, 204, 205b, 206–7, 209; floods 166, 202, 204, 204, 205b, 206–7, 214, 217, 335; global governance and 242, 332; human security approach 205b, 206–9, 211; hurricanes 202, 208b; international humanitarian relief efforts 205b, 204, 206–7, 209–11, 317, 318; property rights and 60; as a risk issue 166, 202–4, 205b, 206–7, 208b, 209, 332; risk reduction strategies 202–4, 205b, 465 FROM POVERTY TO POWER 206–7, 208b, 209, 214, 215–17; tsunamis 202, 204, 205b, 209, 236; and vulnerability 12, 167, 168f, 202–3, 206, 211, 242; women and 203, 213; see also hunger and famine natural resources 70–1, 75, 91, 92, 232, 235, 282, 287 Nepal 64, 227, 260, 333 Netherlands 245, 281 NGOs: accountability of 209–11, 305, 306–9, 322–3; active citizenship and 11, 113, 120, 121, 304, 306, 309, 310; alliances 44, 51, 52–4, 304; on the arms trade 304, 330; on corporate social responsibility 284; criticisms of 301, 303, 304–5, 307; and debt relief 176, 253; effective state support 11, 304, 309, 310; food aid programmes 176, 210; global governance involvement 292, 309, 310; governments 292, 303, 304, 305, 307; growth of 303–5; HIV and AIDS support 191, 268; in international aid 290, 291–2, 293, 303–5; international humanitarian relief involvement 209, 217, 318, 319, 322, 323, 328; international NGOs (INGOs) 290, 291, 292, 293, 303–5, 309–10; justice campaigns 79; on labour rights 124, 132, 135, 282, 284; on landmine use 333–4; microfinance involvement 183; public service provision 40, 304; role of 303–5, 309–10; shorttermism 305; and social protection measures 174, 175, 176–8, 303, 305; and transnational corporations 138, 146, 280b, 281, 284, 285–6b Nicaragua: Christian Medical Action (CMA) 218; civil society activism 50, 113, 132; climate change issues 218; co-operatives 113; corruption 236; education provision 37; inequality 8; international aid 297; land reform 61t; Maria Elena Cuadra Women’s Movement (MEC) 50, 132; natural disasters 236; Rural Co-operative Women’s Federation 113 Nigeria: agricultural issues 109, 110; co-operatives 110; corruption 70; domestic violence 227; education provision 34; health care provision 34; and international financial institutions 252; natural resources 70; political issues 67; violence 233 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 136b, 264 Norway 3, 71, 253, 254, 333 Pacific region 54, 128; Solomon Islands Natural Resources and Rights Coalition 54 Pakistan 52, 61t, 78, 82, 227, 274 Palestine 42, 65, 234, 329 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005) 25, 299, 306, 307, 309 Peru 44, 61t, 80, 119, 214, 230, 253, 271 Philippines: agricultural issues 106; civil society activism 49, 251; on debt relief 251; democratisation 64; as effective state 82; employment issues 135; financial crisis 255; fishing industry 104b; intellectual property laws 269; land reform 60, 61t; migration 278; property rights issues 60 politics: civil society involvement 49–50, 53–4, 68; and effective states 75, 77, 78, 151; in international humanitarian relief 319; political parties 10, 19, 50, 64, 67, 68; producer organisation involvement 113; and religion 32, 74; and trade unions 35, 131, 132; and violence 64, 65, 228, 229; women’s involvement 67; and young people 30, 51; see also governments poverty: and access to information 43–5, 110, 170; and agriculture 99–101, 110, 116, 118; democracy and 65, 66–7; disease and 3–4, 8, 191; economic growth and 5, 6, 9, 148–9, 150, 156–8, 161–2; and education 8, 9, 10, 34–7; and employment 123–4, 128, 129, 135; and food production 9, 117, 188; health and 7, 8, 10, 34, 191–2; human rights and 24, 173; justice system and 10, 78–9; markets and 12, 87, 161–2, 182; migration and 3, 273, 274; and powerlessness 6, 7, 10, 24, 69, 84; property rights and 48–9, 57–9; reduction measures see poverty reduction; and risk 10, 98, 99, 165–7, 167–9, 202–4, 237; rural poverty 8, 98–101, 109, 161, 169; and transnational corporations 140, 145, 146, 281; violence and 24, 166, 225, 226, 228–32; vulnerability and 12, 99, 128, 165, 167–9, 203, 204, 237 poverty reduction: active citizenship and 18, 19, 118; civil society involvement 50, 51, 251; and climate change 219, 336, 337, 338, 340, 344; from economic growth 88, 148, 170, 369; effective states’ role 116–17; global governance role 241–3, 370; and international aid 289, 290, 294–6b; and international financial institutions 6, 7, 252; international trade role 260; and redistribution of wealth 148–9, 370; social protection measures 173, 174, 175,176–8, 179b, 180–1 power: active citizenship 17, 18, 25; democracy and 66, 83 ; and elites 25, 26; and global governance 242–3, 369; and human rights 21, 25–6; nature of 25; and poverty 6, 7, 10, 24, 69, 84 466 index private sector: active citizenship and 12, 147; agriculture and 46, 101–3, 105, 109; biofuel production 109; climate change strategies 219, 346, 347; corruption 69–70; debt relief involvement 252, 253; developing countries involvement 102–3, 134, 146–7; in economic growth 12, 132, 134–5, 138–40, 161; effective states and 12, 132, 134–5, 138, 146, 147, 151; fast food chains 103, 111; financial sector liberalisation 246, 247; in ‘flexibilisation’ of labour 128; in HIV and AIDS protection 194; international humanitarian relief 323; labour rights and 53, 132, 134–5, 139, 247; micro-finance and 183–5; ‘race to the bottom’ 135, 136, 137, 145, 287; regulation and 40, 46, 134, 140; small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) 138–40, 147; ‘stop doing harm’ agenda 241; supermarkets 103, 118, 134, 135, 146; supply chains 129, 129f, 135, 282, 286; technology and 12, 46–7, 105, 138, 139, 144; vulture funds 252, 253; see also markets; transnational corporations producer organisations (POs) 110, 111, 112b, 113–14, 114b property rights: agricultural land 48, 58, 59, 61t, 62, 100f, 116; civil society campaigns 48–9, 59–60, 62; and development 57–9; and effective states 59; evictions 48, 57–9, 78; gender inequality 60, 62, 63, 192; HIV and AIDS and 60, 63, 192; as a human right 57; and indigenous people 60; inequality and 60; and justice 62; land reform 57, 58–9, 60, 61t, 62, 66; and marginalised groups 58, 59, 63; natural disasters and 60; and pastoralists 221, 222, 223, 224; poverty and 48–9, 58–9; vulnerability and 57, 60; for women 60, 62, 63, 192 public services: in developing countries 34, 36, 38, 39, 42, 75; development role 34–9; effective states and 11, 34, 40–2, 197; gender inequality and 34, 35–6, 38–9, 40, 42; infant mortality and 38; international financial institutions involvement 297, 298; and marginalised groups 34; NGO involvement 40, 304; privatisation 247; social protection measures 35, 42, 173; and technology 41; user fees 41, 42 see also education; health care; water and sanitation religion: and active citizenship 30–3, 55–6; development and 30, 31–3; and international humanitarian relief 317, 318; and politics 32, 74; religious civil society groups 48, 50, 51, 52; and violence 227, 229, 230, 232, 233 risk: as change agent 236–8; climate change 166, 212–14, 214–20, 215b; disease 166, 171, 172f, 191–2, 196, 197 see also HIV and AIDS below; effective states’ role 12, 19, 183, 206 ; financial crises 255–6, 257; governments’ responsibility 170–1; HIV and AIDS 166, 167, 191–3; human security approach 169–71, 204, 205b, 206–7, 208b, 209, 224; for marginalised groups 166; natural disasters 166, 202–4, 205b, 206–7, 208b, 209, 332; for pastoralists 221; and poverty 10, 98, 99, 165–7, 167–9, 202–4, 237; premature death 171, 172f; reduction programmes 204, 205b, 206–7, 208b, 209, 214, 215–17 see also risk management below; risk management 165–6, 167, 168f, 169–71, 189, 221, 222, 223, 224; violence 166, 225–8, 232; and vulnerability 19, 128, 165–7, 202–4, 206; war and conflict 167, 168f, 228–35, 324, 332 Robin Hood Tax see financial transaction tax Russia 60, 76b, 141, 246, 255, 330 see also Soviet Union Rwanda 67, 82, 229, 319, 325, 326 Sachs, Jeffrey 290, 294–6b Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) 26, 113, 132, 133b, 174, 185, 203 Sen, Amartya 21, 39, 66, 87, 188 Senegal 4, 222, 273 Sierra Leone 3, 71, 142, 203, 230, 232, 234, 253, 282 Singapore 74, 142t, 145, 256 social protection: basic income guarantee programmes 179b; cash transfer programmes 173, 175, 176–8, 179b, 321; and civil society 173–5, 180–1; defined 173, 174; and developed countries 160, 173, 174, 178; and employment 125, 126, 128, 160, 180–1, 188–9; gender inequality and 42, 174, 175; government involvement 173–4, 176–7, 180–1, 188–90, 321; and international aid 175–8, 297, 321; NGO involvement 174, 175, 176–8, 303, 305; and poverty reduction 173, 174, 175, 176–8, 179b, 180–1; and public services 35, 42, 173; targeting vs. universalism 178; for vulnerability reduction 173–5, 176–8, 189, 206 Social Watch 53 Somaliland 51, 82; General Assistance and Volunteer Organization (GAVO) 51 South Africa: access to information 44; agricultural issues 106; apartheid 10, 26, 49, 174; arms trade 330; civil society activism 49, 53, 193, 200–1, 268, 272; climate change issues 216; democratisation 64; employment issues 124, 467 FROM POVERTY TO POWER 130, 134; health issues 186, 268; HIV and AIDS 191, 193, 194, 200–1, 268; inequality reduced 10; intellectual property laws 268; and international financial institutions 254; justice system 78; on landmine use 333; Positive Women’s Network 191; property rights issues 57, 58; public services 40; Sikhula Sonke 132; social protection measures 173, 174, 175, 176, 179b; taxation 80; trade unions 131, 132; transnational corporations 141, 142t, 146; Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) 193, 200–1, 268, 272; war and conflict 234; Women on Farms Project 131 South Korea: arms trade 330; corruption 283; democratisation 64, 66; economic growth 66, 70, 73, 74, 75, 148, 151, 154b; as effective state 11, 74, 75, 77, 82; financial crisis 255; international aid 289, 300; international trade issues 261; land reform 58, 61t, 66; trade liberalisation 154; transnational corporations 142t Soviet Union (former) 64, 139, 186, 193, 215b, 229 see also Russia Spain 64, 267, 273, 289, 338 Sphere Project 210, 322 Sri Lanka 37, 41, 61t, 204, 205b, 206, 227, 278 Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Initiative (SAPRI) 246–7 structural adjustment programmes (SAPs): agriculture and 99, 114–15; civil society activism and 27; criticisms of 27, 99, 115, 175, 182, 246; and debt crises 99, 251; and international trade 152; see also under International Monetary Fund; World Bank Sudan 148, 167, 187b, 231, 232, 330 see also Darfur sustainable development 13, 91, 336, 337, 344 Taiwan: agricultural issues 99; democratisation 64, 66; economic growth 10, 66, 70, 74, 75, 139, 148, 151, 154b; as effective state 11, 74, 75, 76b, 77; inequality reduced 10; international aid 289, 300; and reform 58, 66; transnational corporations 142t, 144, 145 Tanzania 67, 68, 82, 221 technology: access to 24, 43; and agriculture 105–7, 108b, 109, 116; ‘appropriate’ 47, 219; biotechnology 46, 106; in climate change response 46, 219, 346–7, 350; in developing countries 12, 44, 46, 139, 144, 145, 266, 271, 274, 347; development and 24, 29, 45, 266, 347; for disease control 45–7; inequality and 45–7; and intellectual property laws 47, 264, 266; private sector involvement 12, 46–7, 105; and public services 40; transfer of 12, 138, 140, 144, 145, 271, 274, 347 Thailand 102–3, 139, 192, 205b, 255, 269 Tobin tax see financial transaction tax trade liberalisation: agriculture and 90, 154, 244, 245, 246, 247, 261; benefits of 154; criticisms of 79, 90, 150–1, 155, 245; in developing countries 152; and economic growth 150–1, 154–5, 160; employment and 90, 96, 246; forced liberalisation 13, 261; international financial institutions and 154, 154b, 244 trade unions: alliances 48, 53, 68, 246; alternatives 131–2, 133b; benefits 128, 130, 131; challenges to 35, 66, 126, 131–2; labour rights campaigns 130, 134, 135, 137, 284, 287; political involvement 35, 131, 132; women’s involvement 131–2; see also producer organisations transnational corporations (TNCs): accountability 71, 72, 278, 279, 283, 284, 285–6b, 286; and active citizenship 280b, 286, 287, 289; agriculture and 46, 102, 116, 117; in the arms trade 232, 241, 258, 282, 330; and climate change 281; and commodity value chains 140, 281; competition laws 285; corporate lobbying 140, 266, 267, 280, 284, 286b, 321, 344, 345; corporate social responsibility 129, 130, 140, 145–7, 284, 285–6b, 287; corruption 282–4; and developing countries 141, 142, 142t, 144–5, 279, 281, 282, 284, 287; and effective states 287–8; environmental impacts 145, 279, 280b; foreign direct investment (FDI) 141, 142, 142t, 143–7, 260–1, 279, 280b, 287; global governance and 278, 279, 286b; government relationships 140, 144, 147, 257–8, 279–81; growth of 281–2; human rights and 285–6b; influence of 138, 140, 141, 278, 279, 281, 282; and intellectual property laws 266, 267, 268, 269, 281; international trade and 264, 279, 280–2; labour rights and 53, 145, 282, 284, 285–6b, 287; ‘licence to operate’ 280b; local linkages 138, 139, 144, 146; natural resource exploitation 70–2, 282, 287; and NGOs 138, 146, 280b, 281, 284, 285–6b; and patents 144, 195, 261, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 281; and poor people 140, 145, 281; profit remittances 144, 145; regulation 147, 261, 262, 264, 278, 279, 283, 285–6b, 287; shareholder advocacy 287; and small to medium-sized enterprises 138, 139–40, 246; and taxation 257–9, 287; technology transfer opportunities 144; transfer pricing 144, 257 TRIPS Agreement (WTO) 267–70, 287 468 index Uganda: access to information 71; civil society activism 53, 71; corruption campaigns 71; domestic violence 227; as effective state 82; international aid 297, 300; migration 274; pastoralists 165, 222; public services provision 37, 41, 42; war and conflict 82, 230, 329 UK 40, 276, 278, 283, 285, 311, 335, 338 Ukraine 139; All Ukraine Network of People Living with HIV and AIDS 193 United Nations (UN): arms embargoes 330, 352; climate change response 335, 337, 338, 339, 340; conflict resolution 324, 325; in global governance 351, 352; on human rights 22–3; on hunger and malnutrition 186, 187; and intellectual property laws 271; international aid 290; international humanitarian relief involvement 318–19, 321, 322, 325–6; on landmine use 333–4; peace efforts 324, 325; on small to medium-sized enterprises 139; and transnational corporations 283, 285–6b, 286 Uruguay 70, 77 USA: agricultural issues 99, 262; arms trade 330; climate change strategy role 338, 342, 345, 348; corruption issues 69, 283; cotton farming 244, 260, 262, 263; democratisation 65; economic growth 150, 154b; employment issues 124, 125; financial crisis 256; greenhouse gas emissions 92, 338, 342, 345; health issues 186, 192; HIV and AIDS 192; and intellectual property 263, 266, 267; as international aid donor 262, 297, 300, 305, 311, 320, 321; and international financial institutions 248, 250; international trade issues 154b, 155, 242, 248, 260, 265 see also trade agreements below; migration 273, 275b, 277; natural disasters 202, 203, 208b; September 11 attacks 292, 309, 331; trade agreements 136b, 154b, 256, 261, 263, 264, 270; transnational corporations 281, 287; war and conflict involvement 177 Venezuela 142t Via Campesina 53 Viet Nam: agricultural issues 98, 153b; civil society activism 50; climate change issues 212, 213, 219; economic growth 10, 66, 74, 148, 151–2, 153b, 166, 246; as effective state 82; inequality reduced 8, 10, 153b; international aid 297; international humanitarian relief 320; land reform 60; natural resources 75; property rights issues 75; social protection measures 176; transnational corporations 142 violence: and civil society 113, 120, 130, 147, 227–8; and crime 123, 168f, 172f, 229; domestic violence 25, 79, 166, 225, 226; effective states and 226, 232, 234; as a human rights issue 21, 24, 26, 231, 233–5; against indigenous people 65; and politics 64, 65, 228; 24, 166, 225, 226, 228–32; and religion 227, 229, 230, 232, 233 ; as a risk issue 166, 225–8, 232; terrorism 171, 172f, 230, 235, 283, 292, 312, 331; ‘uncivil society’ 49; against women 25, 52, 56, 60, 166, 226–8; young people and 149, 274, 280, 282 see also war and conflict vulnerability: active citizenship and 12, 13, 170; and children 166, 170, 177, 186; climate change and 166, 168f, 214, 218, 335; defined 167, 168f; effective states and 12, 19, 183, 206 ; health and 168f, 196–9; HIV and AIDS and 168f, 191, 192, 196, 197, 199; human security approach 13, 169–71, 189, 199, 237–8, 370; ; hunger and 175; of indigenous people 197, 198; markets and 6, 7, 20, 96; to natural disasters 12, 167, 168f, 202–3, 206, 211, 242; of pastoralists 98, 165, 214, 221–4; poverty and 12, 99, 128, 165, 167–9, 203, 204, 237; property rights and 57, 60; and risk 19, 128, 165–7, 202–4, 206; and social protection measures 173–5, 176–8, 189, 206 war and conflict: ‘blood diamonds’ 71, 232; as change agent 236, 237; children and 51; civil war 51, 73, 82, 142, 228, 229, 230; climate change and 231, 232; developing countries and 229, 324–5; and development 19, 236; elites’ involvement 232; global governance and 241, 332; government involvement 73–4, 229, 230, 231, 233–4; inequality and 229, 234; international agreements 241; international humanitarian relief efforts 324, 327–9, 332; international intervention 49, 324–9, 331; and marginalised groups 229, 230; natural resources and 232, 235; peace efforts 82, 230, 231, 232–5, 236, 324, 325–9; refugees 329, 331; as a risk issue 167, 168f, 228–35, 324, 332 ; war crimes 227, 233, 233, 329; ‘war on terror’ 230, 235, 290, 331–2; women and 227, 230, 234; see also arms trade Washington Consensus 5, 27, 74, 150, 245–7, 304 water and sanitation 9, 10, 38, 39, 40, 42, 214, 215b, 247 We Can campaign 30, 227–8 women and girls: in agriculture 50, 90, 102, 110, 113, 116, 124, 131, 132; in civil society activism 26, 469 FROM POVERTY TO POWER 50, 52, 55–6, 113, 132, 134; climate change and 213, 218; discrimination see gender inequality; education 3, 35–6; employment and 42, 123–4, 128, 130–1, 137, 157 see also labour rights issues below; and health care 4, 197, 199; health issues 4, 39–40, 124, 196–9; HIV and AIDS 60, 63, 191, 192, 197; human rights and 22, 24, 33, 42, 55–6; inequality and 3, 4, 5, 34, 89–91; justice system and 78–9; labour rights and 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133b ; natural disasters and 203, 213; political involvement 67; property rights and 60, 62, 63, 192 ; social protection measures 42, 174, 175; ‘time poverty’ 90, 124; trade union involvement 131–2, 133b; unpaid work 89–91, 124, 137, 157; violence and 25, 52, 56, 60, 166, 226–8; war and conflict and 227, 230, 234 World Bank: agriculture involvement 99, 107, 109, 114, 115, 247, 249; background 254, 255, 290; civil society and 53, 248; climate change and 212, 213, 249; on corruption 69, 282–3; developing countries involvement 244–5, 250; on economic growth 91, 92, 99, 150, 157, 245; employment and 127–30, 244; in global governance 244, 351; on inequality 5, 6, 7, 157; international aid 290, 297; international loans 244, 245, 246, 247; poverty reduction strategies 7, 247–50, 251, 252; property rights and 58, 75; social protection measures and 174, 178; stabilisation policies 245, 246; structural adjustment policies 245, 246, 247; on taxation 79–80; on trade liberalisation 154, 154b, 244, 248; on war and conflict 236; and Washington Consensus 150 World Social Forum 53 World Trade Organisation (WTO): agricultural agreements 262, 263; in global governance 351; intellectual property laws 267–70; trade rules 261–5, 287; trade talks 155, 195, 262–5, 268, 285 Yemen; Yemeni Women’s Union (YWU) 79 young people: civil activism 30, 50, 51, 53; employment issues 123, 156, 273; as migrants 273; and politics 30, 51; and violence 123, 226, 231, 232 Zambia 41, 63, 146, 167, 176, 247, 252 Zimbabwe 30, 57, 62, 189, 274 470 Oxfam International is a confederation of 17 organisations working together with over 3,000 partners in 92 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice. With partners and allies, Oxfam International acts in solidarity with people living in poverty, especially women, to achieve their rights and assert their dignity as full citizens. It will support them to hold governments, corporations, and international organisations (including Oxfam) to account for their responsibilities. Oxfam International supports local, national, and international organisations and social movements of active citizens to demand justice, particularly gender justice, and to change ideas and beliefs, policies and practices to achieve improvements in people’s lives. 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This is disseminated through books, journals, policy papers, research reports, campaign reports, and other online products which are available for free download at: http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk The chapters in this book are available in for download from Oxfam GB http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk Follow the debate at Duncan Green’s blog: www.oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/ www.oxfam.org.uk Email: publish@oxfam.org.uk Tel: +44 (0) 1865 472482 Oxfam House John Smith Drive Cowley Oxford, OX4 2JY